Industrial labour
Meaning: It refers to all those workers, who are employed in
manufacturing units, i.e., the workers employed in large scale, village &
small scale industries are considered industrial labour in general sense.0
Characteristics:
1)
Illiteracy: A large proportion of industrial workers in India
2)
Lack of Discipline: There is no discipline among the
industrial labours in India Indiscipline, absenteeism without any reasons.
Moving from one job to another etc, are very common.
3)
Majority Characters: Industrial labour in
India
4)
Lack of Organisations: The industrial
labour in India
5)
Low Efficiency: The efficiency of industrial labour
in India
6)
Poverty: The industrial labours in India
7)
Superstitions: Most of the industrial labour in India Meta physical things. They have irrational outlook.
8)
Large Scale Absenteeism: It is another
important feature of industrial labour. They remain absent without any reason.
9)
Ignorant of Roles & Regulations: A good proportion of
our industrial workers are ignorant of rules & regulation.
10) Bad Habits: The industrial
labourers in India
Trade Union Movement
“A trade union is a voluntary organization of workers
formed for the purpose of promoting & protecting the interest of workers
through collective action”.
Growth of Trade Union Movement
Modern industrial sector in India Bombay India India India India
Trade Union Act 1926
It was a land mark in the history of the growth of the
trade union movement in India
National Level Labour
Organisation.
- Indian National
Trade Union Congress (INTUC).
- The All
- The Centre of
Indian Trade Unions (CITU).
- Hind Mazdoor
Subha (HMS).
- Bharaliya
Mazdoor Sabha (BMS).
- United Trade
Union Congress (UTUC).
Weakness of Trade
Union in India
- Limited
Membership:
The Trade Union in
- Lack of Unity: There is no
unity among the members of the trade union. They are divided & sub –
divided on the basis of cast, religion, language, etc.
- More than One
- Weak Finance: It is an
important factor affecting the functioning of trade union in
- Illiteracy: Majority of
Indian Industrial workers are illiterates. They are unable to understand
the importance of unity & unionism. They do not come fore bard to
launch united struggle. Thus, they easily become victims of employees.
- Outside
Leadership:
Most of the unions are controlled by outsiders. They do not take those in
the development of trade union nor protection of labour interest.
- Migratory
Character: The
factory workers in
- Political
Influences:
The Indian trade unions are controlled by political parties &
politicians. Most of the times, politicians vicitimist the workers to
protect their self-interest.
- Defective
Administration: The administration of trade unions is not efficient
with the lack of proper functioning of the trade union; the functioning of
workers body cannot be healthy & efficient.
- Lack of
Government Interest: The government does not take much
interest in the formation & growth of trade unions. This indifferent
attitude of the government is partly responsible for the slow growth of
trade union movement.
Suggestions to
Strengthen Indian Trade Union Movement
- Expansion of
educational facilities
- Encouraging
internal leadership.
- Implementation
of one industry, one union.
- Control of
political interference.
- Strengthening of
their financial position.
- Providing proper
training.
- Co-operation of
employers.
- Eliminatinginter
union rivalry.
- Reforming the
structure of unions.
Labour
reforms
Second National
Commission on Labour: It was set up on 15/10/1999 . The resolution of the govt.,
selling up of this commission desired that the commission should take into A/c
the new environment generated as the consequences of globalization of the
economy & liberalization of trade & industry.
Terms of Reference
- To suggest
rationalization of existing roles & regulations relating to labour in
organized sector.
- To suggest
legalization for ensuring a minimum level of protection to workers in
unorganized sector.
- In developing
the frame work for its recommendation, the commission was to take into
consideration, the minimum level of labour protection & welfare
measures.
The commission has recommended the following suggestions:
1.
It
is not necessary to take permission for lay-off.
2.
There
is no need for any wage revision board.
3.
Number
of holidays should be restricted to 5 holidays & 10 restricted holidays a
year.
4.
No
contract labour for core production or services.
5.
A
trade union with at least 66% membership to be single negotiating agent.
6.
Creation
of a high power national social security authority.
7.
Evolving
a policy frame work & enactment of law for unorganized sector.
Social Security
System
It refers to the schemes undertaken by the govt. to
protect the industrial workers & other sections of people of the society
against various types of risk. Ex.: Insurance, old age pensions, medical
benefits, etc,
Types of Social
Security
- Social
Insurance:
It is usually financed through contributions by the employee, employer
& the state. The benefits to insured persons are linked to their
contributions. It is provided against risk such as accidents, sickness,
disablement & old age.
- Social
Assistance:
To provide help to poor & the needy person. They are not linked to the
contributions made by them, but is financial from the general revenues of
the state.
Social Security in India
- The Industrial
Dispute Act 1947: It provides that, no workers shall be removed from
the job without giving one month’s written notice. This role applies to
those workers, who are not in continuous service for less than one year.
- Employee
Provident Fund Act 1952: Retirement benefits are given to the
employees under the employees provident fund. It covers 180 industries
& establishments employing twenty or more persons.
- The Bonus Act of
1965:
It applies to all factories covered by the Factories Act. It provides for
the payment of bonus by the employer to the employees.
- Employees
Pension Scheme 1995: Under this scheme pension @ 50% of pay
is payable to the employees on retirement & on completion of 33 yrs.
Of service. A minimum of 10yrs. of service is required for entitlement to
pension. It also provides for grant of family pension ranging from 450/-
to 2500/- per month.
- Maternity
Benefit Act 1961: This act regulates employment of women in certain
establishments for a certain period before & after child birth &
period before for maternally & other benefits. There is no wages limit
for coverage under the act. This act provides for payment of maternity
benefit at average daily wages for a total period of 12 weeks.
National Renewal Fund:
The process of industrial restructing under new economic
policy was launched in 1991. It aims at making the country globally
competitive. Under the restructing technological upgradation of industry &
closure of sick unit accorded top priority. In this regard, to safeguard the
interest of workers who may be affected by this restructing program, the govt.
established NRF in February 1972.
Objectives of NRF:
- To provide
assistance to firm, to cover the cost of retraining & redeployment of
employers arising as a result of modernization & technological
upgradation.
- To provide funds
for compensation to employers affected by restructing of industrial units
both in public & private sector.
- To provide funds for employment
generation schemes in organized & unorganized sectors.
The Women Empowerment
Role of Women in Economic Development
- Chief
Architect of the Family: The main architects of the family are the woman.
She works in different capacities in family life mother, guide,
councilors, friend & philosopher.
- The
First Teacher:
Mother is the first teacher to a child. She teaches her children
the basic elements of life & molol their character in taking a
decessive role in deciding their future.
- Supply
of labour power: Women supply necessary labour
power for the production of goods & services. If females are educated &
trained & are active participants in the work force. The national
economy starts growing fastes.
- Main
Role in Agricultural Development: In
rural areas, women participation in labour force in age olds &
constitute the main village man power. They fill the land, irrigate the
field & help during the busy agricultural season.
- Contribution to Idustrial development:
Women contribution to industrial development is great. In developed
countries, 26.5% of total industrial labour force are women. The force
have dachieved industrial development.
- Low
Social Status: Women labourers in
- Low
Efficiency’s: The efficiency of women labour
is very low. Their productivity is also very low due to lack of education,
training & poor health.
- Low Occupational Mobility:
The occupational mobility of woman labour is very low because women are
use unable for the up large role outside the home work force & hence,
this diminishes their occupational & economic status.
Wage
Difference and Non – Wage Employment
The women labourers in India
Work Participation Rate
It may be defined as the percent of
total workers to total population. The work participation rated in India
Women Empowerment
Programs:
1.
Swayam Sidha:
It is an integrated part of the project for the development & employment of
women through self-help groups with emphasis on covering service, provision of
credit & promotion of small scale enterprises.
2.
Swa Shakthi Project:
This is centrally sponsored scheme to be implemented in the states of Bihar , Gujarat ,
Jharkand, Karnataka & M.P., U.P., etc, This scheme was mainly intended to
enhance women status through providing them loans, imparting skills &
confidence & income generating activities.
3.
Support to Training & Employment
Program for Women: This program seeks to provide updated
skills & new knowledge to the poor women in traditional sectors of the
economy.
4.
Swalamban:
This scheme is to provide training & skills to women to facilitate them for
self-employment on sustainable basis. Ex.: Computer programming, medical,
transportation, etc.,
5.
Way Care Centers for Children of
Working Women: This scheme aims to provide day care
services to children below 5 yrs. Where, the income of the family does not
exceed 1800/- per month.
6.
Hostels for Working Women:
This aims at expansion of hostel buildings for working women with day care
centres. They also undertake the provision for safe & affordable
accommodation to workingwomen.
7.
Swadhas:
This is a centrally sponsored scheme for all round development & integrated
services to women under difficult circumstances such as destitute, widow, women
prisoners & survivors of natural disasters, etc.,
8.
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh:
It is also known as national credit fund for women. It was started with a view
to facilitate credit support.
Self –
Help Groups
Meaning:
It refers to unregistered group of 10 – 20 members involved primarily in
savings & credit activities.
Features of
Self-help Group:
- Open & voluntary membership
- Democratically controlled
- Economic participation
- Autonomy & independence
- Education, training & skill
upgradation
- Self-help & help to other
member
- Ownership feeling
- Non-political
- Rotation of leadership
Objectives
of Self-help Groups:
- To encourage women of target area
for the need of self-help group & its relevance in their empowerment
process
- To create group feeling among
them
- To enhance the confidence &
capabilities of women
- To develop collective decision
making among women
- To encourage the habit of saving
women & facilities the accumulate of own capital resources.
- To motivate women taking up
social responsibilities
- To resolve conflicts through
collective leadership & mutual decisions.
Function of
Self-help Groups:
1. Periodic
savings
2. Credit
management
3. linkage
with other banks
4. Book
keeping for accounts management
5. Creation
of common fund.
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